11 Laser courses in Manchester

Develop the skills to become an experienced bartender and fast-track your career having one week fun in Manchester City Center plus Level 2 Award Alcohol License Holder online course and invigilated exam! Designed to develop the knowledge and skills to become an experienced bartenders and obtain the personal alcohol license you need to showcase you are a professional. Fast-track your way up into the bartending industry with 1 week of hands-on training with our highly-experienced instructors. Next Available Sessions (please write in the note which one you prefer) 📅 8th-12th April 2024 ⏰ Monday to Thursday 12.00-4.00pm, Saturday 19.00-23.00 📍 Sicilian NQ - Bar and Restaurant, 14 Turner St, Manchester M4 1DZ 📅 10th-15th June 2024 ⏰ Monday to Thursday 12.00-4.00pm, Saturday 19.00-23.00📍 Sicilian NQ - Bar and Restaurant, 14 Turner St, Manchester M4 1DZ 📅 9th-14th September 2024 ⏰ Monday to Thursday 12.00-4.00pm, Saturday 19.00-23.00📍 Sicilian NQ - Bar and Restaurant, 14 Turner St, Manchester M4 1DZ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Highlights * Master 40 classic cocktails * You be awarded with a Dirextra's advanced bartender certificate to showcase your skills to employers at the end of your course * Personal Alcohol License Course and Exam included (online). Level 2 Award Course and Exam gains you the qualification needed to apply for your personal licence in England and Wales, which is essential if your role requires that you authorise alcohol sales, including designated premises supervisors, retail managers, restaurant and bar managers and any other persons that want to progress into these positions. * One week of fun experience * Not Suitable for beginners. At least 1 year experience is requested. Fluent in English. WHY IS THIS COURSE FOR YOU? * Add some new certified skills to your CV (get 2 certificates) * Get your Personal Alcohol License  * You'll learn to expertly craft the homemade products to incorporate into a cocktail, the supporting ingredients that bring them depth, nuance, and curb their eye-watering strength. * You'll learn how to Speed-up yourself making perfect cocktails with beautiful garnish in a very fast environment. * Progress in an professional level bartending position and work your way up to become bar supervisor COURSE PROGRAMME You’ll learn: * Course Programme (Online Part) * Licensing Policy * Personal Licence inc Duties * Premises Licence and Operating Schedule * Designated Premises Supervisor * Temporary Events * Exemptions and Prohibitions * Unauthorised Activities and Due Diligence * Rights Of Entry and Inspection * Powers To Close Licensed Premises * Protection Of Children * The Definition and Nature Of Alcohol * Smoking, Drugs and Responsible Retail * Accredited Online Invigilated Exam. Our online test centre is fully approved by Laser Awards as an Accredited personal licence qualification provider. To take the exam you need a computer using Google Chrome, a webcam, and microphone, and an internet upload speed of at least 5-10 Mbps. You also need to have valid photo ID. Please be aware that no one can be in the room when you are taking the exam. * Practical Part in presence. We'll teach you to prepare any product you could ever need to incorporate into a cocktail. You'll make:  * Syrups * Cordials  * Foams * Bitters * Fat washes * Shrubs  * Garnishes * Find out how to double shake, roll, & double stir * how to make 40+ classic cocktails.Understanding what exists and how the ingredients pair together is crucial for later developing your own signature mixes. * You’ll study ice as a vital component of a drink. You'll understand: * The purpose & necessary quantity of ice * How to use ice to change the dynamics of a drink * The effect of different types & shapes of ice * On Saturday night you will put in place what you learned in a fast-pace bar serving and preparing cocktails for real customers COURSE VENUE Sicilian NQ,  award winning "Best Neighbourhood  Bar 2023 - Central Manchester", it's a charming mediterranean style wine bar, relaxed and characterful venue nestled in Manchester’s trendy Northern Quarter, right in the heart of the city center. Northern Quarter is a cool neighbourhood, with lively street art, bohemian bars and independent shops. It's home to lively restaurants and some of the city's biggest music venues, featuring concerts from trendy independent bands and famous artists.

Level 4 'Laser Hair Removal Course' and Core of knowledge certification. £4500. Including a brand new Q switch ND-YAG Laser Machine PLUS core of knowledge and level 3 anatomy & physiology certification included. No experience required.

Level 4 'Laser Tattoo Removal Course' and Core of knowledge certification. £3000. Including a brand new Q switch ND-YAG Laser Machine PLUS core of knowledge and level 3 anatomy & physiology certification included. No experience required.

Become a Clinical Esthetician and Laser specialist! This is your baseline non-invasive aesthetics course, you must already hold a Level 3 in Beauty Therapy, Anatomy and Physiology or equivalent. You will cover: Management of Health and Safety in the Salon Quality Management of Client Care Apply Microdermabrasion Advanced Electrolysis Electrical Epilation Laser and Intense Pulsed Light and Hair Removal and Skin Rejuvenation Physiology of Ageing 📅Tuesday 20th February 2024 . 1 day a week for 20 weeks, 9.30-3.30 This is government funded and internationally recognised.

ESSENTIAL GEPON TRAINING COURSE DESCRIPTION Designed to benefit those requiring an in depth knowledge of the principles and applications of the IEEE Ten Gigabit Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Networking and Fibre to the X in NG network applications and their associated equipment, its flexibility and function within a modern transmission network. Using an effective mix of instruction and correlation to theory based learning the delegate will gain a complete understanding of the equipment and the tasks to be undertaken in a real life situation. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN * Compare FTTx networks. * Compare PON variants. * Recognise the GEPON architecture. * Explain how GEPON works. * Recognise GEPON issues. ESSENTIAL GEPON TRAINING COURSE DETAILS * Who will benefit: Anyone requiring GEPON knowledge. * Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications and networking. * Duration 2 days ESSENTIAL GEPON TRAINING COURSE CONTENTS * FTTN, FTTC, FTTH Single Mode Fibre (SMF) and various types, Multimode Fibre (MMF), Fibre Safety and properties (Dispersion/attenuation), Fibre Reel cables and types, Fibre installation and air blown fibre, Transmitters and receivers - power budget/laser classes, Fibre to the home (FTTH), FTTC (Fibre to the Cabinet), FTTN (Fibre to the node), FTTD (Fibre to the Desk), FFTH Topologies and wavelengths, Active or Passive Optical Network (PON). * WDM equipment and GPON OSP design Wavelength considerations, WDM/DWDM/CWDM EDFA optical amplification, AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating) splitters, Couplers (splitters) and losses, Optical splitters 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 2x64. * IEEE PON variants Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GEPON), Time Division PON (TDM-PON), Wave Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 40Ggps, 100Gbps, Strategies for TDM-PON to WDM-PON migration, Architecture of NG-PON (hybrid WDM/TDM PON), Additional services than triple play. * GEPON design GEPON OSP centralized design, GEPON OSP distributed design, GEPON PON splitters x4 x8 x32, Fibre splice trays / fibre cassette trays / fibre enclosures, GEPON field testing /GEPON field installation verification, GEPON physical layer testing, Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR), Optical power source /Optical power meter, Optical Return Loss (ORL), APON/BPON/GPON/EPON/GEPON/10-GEPON comparison. * IEEE 802.3ah GEPON: Ethernet in the first mile IEEE 802.3 options, Optical Ethernet options, Ethernet in the first mile, 1000BASE-LX, 1000BASE-SX, IEEE 802.1Q VLANs, Q-in-Q and MAC-in-MAC. QofS Ethernet TOS and priority methods PCP and DiffServe, Reference model / terminology / architecture, Example of ONT functional blocks, Example of OLT functional blocks, FTTx scenarios, The four switching arrangements for external access network backup. * IEEE 802.3av 10-GEPON Physical layer, 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LX4, 10GBASE-ER, 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASESW, 10GBASE-LW, 10GBASE-EW, Enhancement band, Bit rate and wavelengths, Compatibility, Forward error correction. * IEEE 802.3ca 25G, 50G and 100G NG-EPON MAC frame structure, Downstream multiplexing / Upstream multiplexing, Media access control and ONU registration, Alarm messages. * IEEE 802.3bk extended EPON Laser Types PRX40 and PR40, Reference model. * GEPON issues and standards GEPON components OLT / GEPON ONT and examples GEPON management, RG (Residential Gateway), HPNA (Home Phone Network Alliance), Power Line Carrier (PLC), GPON DLNI, G.hn or G.9960 MOCA, FTTH Council certification, Standard for network certification, Qualify for use of the fibre-connected home badge, GEPON frame synchronization to network timing, Direct clock synchronization interface (BITS), Multiservice Access Platform (MSAP), Software planning tool. Superconnected cities / voucher scheme. * Ethernet OAM Link monitoring, remote failure indication, Remote loopback.

FIBRE OPTIC CABLING TRAINING COURSE DESCRIPTION A hands on course covering installation, splicing and testing of fibre optic cabling. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN * Describe different types of fibre cable and where to use them * Install fibre optic cable. * Splice fibre optic cable. * Test fibre optic cable. FIBRE OPTIC CABLING TRAINING COURSE DETAILS * Who will benefit: Cable installation professionals. * Prerequisites: None * Duration 3 days FIBRE OPTIC CABLING TRAINING COURSE CONTENTS * Fibre optic transmission Physics of light, optical modes, light propagation, light guiding, dispersion, light spectrum, fibre versus copper comparison, fibre cable types and their uses, WDM and DWDM. * Fibre optic cable Single mode, Multi mode, diameters, step-index fibre, graded index fibre, loose tube, tight buffered, cable jackets, distance limitations, indoor versus outdoors. * Fibre optic network components ST, SC, FC and other connectors, termination methods, joint enclosures, transmitters, light sources, laser, LED, receivers, detectors. * Installation BS.7718. Safe working practices, site surveys, recommended installation procedures, cable handling issues, bending radius, techniques and tools, documentation. * Splicing Joining fibres, splicers, fusion splicing, mechanical splicing, splicing procedure, cleaving, splicing parameters, splicing vs. connectors. * Measurement parameters and applications Power measurement, loss measurement, return loss measurement, receiver sensitivity measurement, budget calculations. * Testing Optical power meter, optical light source, optical attenuator, return loss meter, continuity testing, insertion loss testing, OTDR features and principles, OTDR capabilities and limitations, using an OTDR, troubleshooting.

DWDM TRAINING COURSE DESCRIPTION A concise overview of Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) with both Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM) and Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) being covered. The course starts with a review of the relevant elements of fibre transmission and multiplexing before then studying WDM components and architectures. Reliability, resilience and management are then followed by WDM services and futures. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN * Explain the benefits of WDM. * Describe Dispersion and four way mixing. * Describe the different WDM equipment components. * Describe different WDM architectures. * Explain How DWDM works. DWDM TRAINING COURSE DETAILS * Who will benefit: Anyone working with CWDM/DWDM. * Prerequisites: Telecommunications Introduction * Duration 2 days DWDM TRAINING COURSE CONTENTS * Fibre communications review Optical transmission, Fibre characteristics, Fibre component parts. Multi Mode Fibre (MMF). Single Mode Fibre (SMF). Fibre connections. Lasers. Attenuations, dispersion, optical signal noise ratios (OSNR) and their effects. Channel Spacing and Signal Direction. Limiting factors to single wavelength. * WDM overview Multiplexing, TDM, WDM benefits. WDM standards. CWDM vs. DWDM. Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Impact and countermeasures to FWM on WDM. * CWDM ITU G.694.2, channels, channel spacing. * DWDM ITU G.694.1, channels, channel spacing. * WDM Equipment Components Equipment components and building blocks. Optical Terminal Multiplexers (OTM). Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM). Adding versus dropping. Optical Amplifiers. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA). Transponders and Combiners. WDM/DWDM Hubs. Optical and Electrical Cross Connects (OXCs/DXCs). Types of Cross Connects (Transparent/Opaque). Advantages and disadvantages of various Optical cross connects. * WDM Architectures WDM network sections. Point-to-Point, Optical switches, mesh, ring and star topology. Example of combined WDM and other technology network. Wavelength converting transponders, 1R, 2R, 3R. * Protection for WDM Sub 50ms failover. Equipment protection. Card protection. Y cable, Splitter protection. Far end laser control. Line protection. OMSP 1+1, OMSP 1:1, OMSP 1: N. Self healing optical ring. Sub Network Connection Protection (SNCP). Automatically Switched Optical Networks (ASON). * WDM Management Options In band management. Out of band management. The Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC). OSC capabilities. * WDM services WDM Access. Bit rates, Transparent Networks. Modulation, DQPSK. SDH over WDM. Migrating from SDH to DWDM. Ethernet over WDM, IP over WDM. * Optical Transport Networks G.709, 'digital wrapper', Optical Channel Payload Unit (OPU), Optical Channel Transport Unit ( OTU), Optical Channel Data Unit (ODU). OTU1, OTU2, OTU3, OTU4. * WDM Futures All optical amplification, Raman amplification, distributed, lumped. Bit rates. Solitons. Coherent technologies.

GPON AND FTTX NETWORKS TRAINING COURSE DESCRIPTION Designed to benefit those requiring an in depth knowledge of the principles and applications of Ten Gigabit and Gigabit Passive Optical Networking and Fibre to the X in NG Networks applications and their associated equipment, its flexibility and function within a modern transmission network. Using an effective mix of 'hands on' equipment instruction and correlation to theory based learning the delegate will gain a complete understanding of the equipment and the tasks to be undertaken in a real life situation. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN * Compare PON/FTTx systems. * Explain network elements and designs. * Support applications and network interfaces. * List circuit provisioning and bandwidth requirements. * Understand upstream & downstream issues. * Describe headend & network elements/OLT-ONT. * Perform network testing with OTDR test sets. GPON AND FTTX NETWORKS TRAINING COURSE DETAILS * Who will benefit: Anyone working with GPON and FTTx. * Prerequisites: Introduction to data communications and networking. * Duration 5 days GPON AND FTTX TRAINING COURSE CONTENTS * FTTN, FTTC, FTTH SMF, MMF, Fibre safety and properties (dispersion/attenuation), Fibre reel cables and types, Fibre installation and air blown fibre, Transmitters and receivers - power budget/laser classes. Fibre to the home (FTTH), FTTC (Fibre to the Cabinet), FTTN (Fibre to the node) , FTTD (Fibre to the desk), FFTH topologies and wavelengths, Active or passive optical network. * WDM equipment and GPON OSP design Wavelength considerations, WDM/DWDM/CWDM, EDFA optical amplification, AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating) splitters , Couplers (splitters) and losses, Optical splitters 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, 2x64. * PON variants Gigabit passive optical network (GPON), Gigabit Ethernet passive optical network (GEPON), Time division PON (TDM-PON), Wave Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON), 1Gbps, 10Gbps, 40Ggps, 100Gbps FSAN (Full Service Access Network) NGA (Next Generation Access), Strategies for TDM-PON to WDM-PON migration, Architecture of NG-PON (hybrid WDM/TDM PON), Additional services than triple play. * GEPON design GPON OSP centralized and distributed design, GPON PON splitters x4 x8 x32, Fibre splice trays /cassette trays & enclosures, GPON field testing and installation verification, GPON physical layer testing, Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), Optical power source & meter, Optical return loss (ORL), APON/BPON/GPON/EPON comparisons. * GPON ITU-T G.984.1 Reference model, terminology & architecture, Access network system management functions. ONT & OLT functional block examples. FTTx scenarios, 4 switching arrangements for external access network backup. * GPON ITU-T G.984.2 Physical layer, Enhancement band, Bit rate and wavelengths, FEC and RAMAN. * GPON ITU-T G.984.3 Frame structure, GPON encapsulation method (GEM), GTC adaptation and framing sublayer protocol stack, Status reporting & traffic monitoring DBA (SR-DBA & TM-DBA), Transmission container (T-CONT) types, Downstream & upstream multiplexing, GEM port identifier, Media access control and ONU registration, Extended bandwidth assignment model scheduling architecture, PLOAM & alarm messages, Downstream & Upstream FEC, Process order in a GTC transmit flow. * GPON ITU-T G.984.4 and G.988 ONT management and control interface (OMCI) Management interface, Reference model, Typical ONT with SCTE 55-1 or SCTE 55-2 compliancy. * GPON ITU-T G.984.5 enhancement band Band options, GPON NGA, Wavelength allocation. * GPON ITU-T G.984.6 optical reach extension (G.984.re) Reach extension (RE), OA-based and OEO-based reach extenders, Protection, Reach extender with OTDR blocking filters (BF) and bypass (BYP) filters. * GPON ITU-T G.984.7 long reach Quiet Window. * 10-GPON ITU-T G.987.1 (XG-PON) Scenarios, reference access network architecture, XG-PON with G-PON through WDM1r, G-PON and XG-PON wavelength allocation, G-PON and XG-PON co-existence with video overlay option, RE migration scenarios. * G.989 40Gbps XG-PON2 Functional reference architecture, NG-PON2 system coexistence with legacy systems, Definitions of legacy compatibility terminology. * GPON issues and standards GPON components GPON OLT / GPON ONT, GPON management, Operational support systems (OSS), Network management systems (NMS), OMCI (ONT Management control interface), RG (Residential gateway), Data and prioritised voice channel product, GPON broadband-forum standards, Broadband-forum , TR-069 and TR-156, HPNA (home phone network alliance), Powerline carrier (PLC), GPON DLNI G.hn or G.9960, MOCA, FTTH council certification standard for network certification. Fibre-connected home badge, Ethernet in the first mile (EFM), GPON frame synchronization to network timing, Direct clock synchronization interface (BITS), Multiservice access platform (MSAP), Software planning tool, Superconnected cities / voucher scheme. * Hands on practical assignments Single and multimode fibre recognition, Fibre Cleaning methods, Checking cleaning with an optical microscope, Optical light source and optical power meter referencing, PON splitter and fibre drum testing with an optical power meter, 6km classroom passive optical network testing with an OTDR at 1310/1550nm, Using decibels (dB's) and decibel milliwats (dBm's), Designing networks up to 20km long using vendor specifications (power budget), Fault finding with a visible fault locator.

> MASTERCLASS 8 CPD POINTS 1 DAY INTENSIVE COURSE  ONLINE or IN-CLINIC -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE! After booking we will contact you for scheduling the exact course date! Courses dates are subject to change due to mentors availability. We will inform you via email if a date becomes available! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLINICAL PRP * • Sports medicine * • Traumatology * • Ophthalmic * • Burn trauma * • Wound healing –diabetic  foot * • Skin grafting * • Dentistry-sinus lift * • Tooth implants.   PRP THEORY & EQUIPMENT: Training Online Theory will enable you to understand: * Anatomy Vascular Supply,  * Contraindications  * Patient consultation * Complications Management  * Post treatment advice  * Dealing with equipment A certification of training will be provided upon completion of the course. AESTHETIC PRP * • Skin rejuvenation * • Hair restoration * • Fat grafting in combination PRP * • Post laser * •Acne &  Rosacea * •Acne scar * •TissueVolumisation alternative of HA fillers * •Aesthetic gynecology /urology.   PLATHELET RICH PLASMA WE WILL COVER PERTINENT INFORMATION INCLUDING MECHANISM OF ACTION, SAFETY AND EFFICACY ISSUES, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS, DILUTION GUIDELINES, AND MORE. * Hands on practical session – skin rejuvenation and hair loss * Extraction, Preparation and Dosage Management * Injection techniques – face, neck and head (hair loss); also the use of cannula Upon successful completion of the course, you will receive a certificate and title of PRP Certified Practitioner.   MASTER CLASS PRP & PRF * During the course we are providing . *  Taking blood and how to use a Centrifuge . * PRP injecting techniques in face neck and décolletage hands. * PRP Microneedling  using a DERMAPEN. * Combination treatment PRP with Mesotherapy. MECHANISM OF ACTION 1.  Platelets + Leucocytes  form 3D mesh release of GF 2.  Chemo attraction and migration of macrophages and stem cells 3.  Stem cells proliferates by mitosis 4.  Stem cells undergo differentiation process BENEFIT FROM PRP TREATMENT & THERAPYExperience the advantages of PRP treatment and therapy, utilizing autologous blood with natural growth factors for disease-free and hypoallergenic benefits. Boost wound healing by regulating mitosis, proliferation, and differentiation, enhancing tissue with collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. Benefit from improved tissue oxygenation, nutrition flow, and support for procedures like hair transplants, fat transfers, and skin grafts.PRP works effectively in skin rejuvenation, facial resurfacing, microneedling, and combines well with HA, PDO threads, skin boosters, peeling, or CO2 lasers. It also proves beneficial for hair restoration, showing positive results in various protocols for Androgenic alopecia and age-related hair loss.PRP where works .Skin rejuvenation-facial resurfacing.application-injection alone. Microneedling Combination with HA,Combination with PDO threads,Skin boosters , peeling or CO2 lasers Hair restoration, Multiple protocols with positive results Evidence for improvement  of: Androgenic alopecia-male and  females, “spot hair lost” Improvement of age related hair loss. * You need to be medically qualified as a doctor, dentist, nurse, pharmacist or paramedic with full governing body registration and have completed a Foundation Filler Course [http://harleyeliteacademy.com/product/dermal-filler-training-course-london/] and to have administered a number of cases. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ATTENDANCE ONLINE (Theory), IN CLINIC (Practice) COURSE LEVEL EXPERT | Masterclass Course

TRANSMISSION DEMYSTIFIED TRAINING COURSE DESCRIPTION Transmission is the process of sending information along a medium of, copper, fibre or wireless. This course looks at transmission techniques for both telecommunications and data communications with a particular focus on Microwave, SDH, DWDM transmission. The course aims to demystify these technologies by explaining all the buzzwords used in transmission. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN * Describe various transmission technologies such as multiplexing and demultiplexing. * Explain how Microwave works. * Explain how SDH works. * Explain how DWDM works. TRANSMISSION DEMYSTIFIED TRAINING COURSE DETAILS * Who will benefit: Anyone working in telecommunications. * Prerequisites: None. * Duration 2 days TRANSMISSION DEMYSTIFIED TRAINING COURSE CONTENTS * Transmission basics Systems, media, signals. Signal degradation, noise, distortion, attenuation. Digital, analogue. Modulation, encoding. * RF Frequency, wavelength. Distance / range issues, interference, Antenna, power, dB, RF propagation, testing. * Microwave transmission What is microwave transmission, point to point communications, line of sight, parabolic antenna, relays, planning considerations, rain and other issues * Wired transmissions Copper, Fibre, optical transmission, fibre characteristics, fibre component parts. Multi Mode Fibre (MMF). Single Mode Fibre (SMF). Fibre connections. Lasers. Attenuations, dispersion, optical signal noise ratios (OSNR) and their effects. Channel Spacing and Signal Direction. Limiting factors to single wavelength. * Introduction to SDH Timing and synchronisation of digital signals, the plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), service protection with SDH. TDM. * SDH6 Standards, basic units, frames, STM1 frame, bit rates, STM0, STM1, STM4, STM16, STM64, STM256, SDH architecture, rings, Add drop multiplexors. SDH network topologies, structure of SDH equipment, SDH synchronisation, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, Ethernet over SDH. * WDM overview Multiplexing, TDM, WDM benefits. WDM standards. CWDM vs. DWDM. Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Impact and countermeasures to FWM on WDM.tructure of SDH equipment, SDH synchronisation, protection switching in SDH networks, SDH alarm structure, testing of SDH, equipment and systems, Ethernet over SDH. * DWDM ITU G.694.1, channel and spacing. Optical Terminal Multiplexers (OTM). Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM). Adding versus dropping. Optical Amplifiers. Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA). Transponders and Combiners. Optical and Electrical Cross Connects (OXCs/DXCs). Cross Connect types (Transparent/Opaque). Advantages and disadvantages of various Optical cross connects. * IP transmission Telecommunications versus data communications, IP transmission, VoIP, MPLS.