374 Courses in Leeds

ABOUT THIS TRAINING COURSE Comprising 5 full-day sessions, this intermediate to advanced level course is specifically designed for senior exploration geoscientists currently active in hydrocarbon play and prospect mapping, to optimise conceptual geological input into their technical evaluation. The course focuses on seismic stratigraphic analysis in different basin settings - i.e., passive, convergent, extension and oblique - in order to construct a coherent geological story line, underpinning hydrocarbon play and prospect evaluation. The course is largely based on seismic stratigraphic case histories and exercises, with the support of seismic, well log and outcrop examples. Training Objectives Through short, focused presentations and a series of industry case history-based examples and exercises, participants will learn to optimise conceptual geoscience input into technical subsurface analysis. This will help to produce coherent geological subsurface interpretations for use in Play-based, Prospect and Appraisal evaluations. Target Audience This course is intended for senior geoscientists with more than five years of work experience, with a background in play and/or prospect evaluation and experience in seismic interpretation. Course Level * Intermediate * Advanced Training Methods Participants will be exposed to short lectures throughout the 5 days, followed by hands-on individual and team exercises in a variety of geological settings. 'Let the data tell their story' is a key recurring theme in this course. Trainer Your expert course leader has 38 years of experience as Exploration Geologist for Shell globally, with field experience in a/o Egypt, NW Borneo, MENA, China, Madagascar, North Sea, Oman and The Netherlands (Shell EP Research and Training Centre in Rijswijk). He has strong evaluation and project lead skills in Play-based Exploration, Prospect Maturation, Opportunity Screening and NFE / Appraisal disciplines. He developed key geoscience skills in Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy as well as Reservoir Characterization, including sedimentology and diagenesis. He has extensive supervisory, teaching, and coaching experience as well as a strong interest in Geoscience (Depositional Systems, Regional and Reservoir Geology) and Petroleum Geology Learning. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

Mastering effective feedback is crucial for empowering others but can be damaging if not delivered thoughtfully. This course equips mangers and leaders with tools to deliver sensitive, factual, and specific feedback for positive outcomes. It also guides them in soliciting feedback, processing it constructively, and fostering a growth mindset for continuous improvement. This course is available to book for delivery in-house for your organisation and people exclusively, for either a half or full days training workshop. Prices are dependent on size of group ranging from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 12 delegates. If you have a smaller number of delegates the Puritas 1:1 Leadership Coaching Programme is recommended.

The psychological insights and skills you need Knowing how to resolve conflict constructively is an essential life skill – improving personal and professional relationships, mental health, productivity and more… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Accredited CPD Certificate : 6 hours * Length 1 day (9.30am - 4.00pm) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > Counts towards the Diploma – from 2024, this course will be a requirement of Part 1 of the HG Diploma. > A fantastic approach that helps you unpack the issues, respond positively and > find an effective solution that moves everyone forward... THIS COURSE WILL: * deepen your understanding of why conflicts develop and escalate, the psychological factors involved and the cultural and contextual influences on our perceptions, experience and responses to conflict * build your confidence and comfort around being in situations that involve conflict * give you a range of skills and techniques that you can use with both individuals and groups, in therapy or the workplace – or with your friends and family – to resolve conflict constructively It will also enable you to: * help clients recognise conflict and understand their own responses to it * help clients develop the skills to engage with conflict productively, so they are more likely to reach positive outcomes * provide clients with a framework and structure for addressing conflict in a healthy way * help clients become less fearful of conflict, so they don’t avoid it in ways that are unhelpful and to recognise the role of conflict in healthy relationships * provide psychoeducation, explaining how barriers to needs can cause conflict and how this can be different in different cultural contexts The course is interactive and experiential, with a focus on developing practical and transferable conflict resolution skills. It combines trainer input, discussion, small group activities and role-play to build your confidence when helping to resolve conflict at all levels, whether one-to-one or in organisations. WHY TAKE THIS COURSE Conflict isn’t always destructive. Properly handled it can be creative and productive, leading to better outcomes and possibilities for all. Although conflict is a normal, ever-present possibility in our lives – between family, friends, colleagues, neighbours, and in our interactions with organisations – when it  becomes entrenched it can cause immense individual distress, and waste time and money. Addressing interpersonal conflict using the psychological insights, concepts and proven techniques you will learn on the day, helps us to solve problems creatively and improve the health and wellbeing of those involved. To lead a healthy life we don’t need to avoid all conflict, but we do need to know how to approach it in ways which can help everyone involved meet their emotional needs, a win/win for all. Learning the human givens approach to conflict resolution helps to reduce the potential damaging consequences of destructive conflict and embrace the benefits of constructive conflict. Throughout the day, Rupinder will draw on her own considerable practical experience of successful conflict resolution and mediation in a wide range of settings as she provides expert guidance and training in the psychological insights and skills you need to be able to constructively resolve conflict between individuals and/or groups. > Addressing conflict in the right way helps us solve problems and improves the > health and wellbeing of everyone involved... WHAT THE COURSE COVERS * The common causes of interpersonal conflict * The negative impacts and potential benefits in conflict situations * How to consider intentions and outcomes when engaging in conflict * The different methods used to influence the outcome of conflict, and how the method influences the outcome * What a resolution really is * The cultural and contextual influences on perceptions, experience, and responses to conflict * The role our innate needs and resources play in conflict situations * Identifying our influence on the process of conflict * Effective skills to engage people who are in conflict * A practical, sequenced model for effective mediation and conflict resolution * An effective framework for facilitating constructive conversations * How to structure a session/s to: facilitate resolution, increase engagement, understanding and define the needs of all parties * Effective skills to facilitate negotiations * Techniques and diffusing strategies to reduce potential barriers * How to access resources to build agreements that last * The effective skills needed to facilitate negotiations * How to implement opportunities in organisations to address conflict effectively * Ways to develop your leadership ability to respond to conflict and/or support others who are enduring it * How to use this to support the process of resolution by improving how individuals relate to one another and addressing the contentious issues constructively * And much more [https://www.humangivens.com/college/conflict-resolution-training/#programme]… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COURSE PROGRAMME The ‘Conflict Resolution’ course starts at 9.30am and runs until 4.00pm. * From 8.30am Registration (Tea and coffee served until 9.25am) * 9.30am Approaches to conflict * 11.00am Discussion over tea/coffee * 11.30am Understanding Causes and Impact * 1.00pm Lunch (included) * 1.45pm Increasing engagement * 3.00pm Discussion over tea/coffee * 3.15pm Reaching Resolution * 4.00pm Day ends -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- WHO IS THIS COURSE SUITABLE FOR? * This course is for anyone wishing to understand more about the different ways conflict can affect us, or to feel more confident in a facilitation or leadership role when helping conflicted people * It is also very relevant to anyone working in a supportive role – such as counsellors, psychotherapists, managers, HR staff, life coaches, Mindset Coaches, social workers etc. – as well as employees, customer service personnel and anyone working in schools and education. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This course has been independently accredited by the internationally recognised CPD Standards Office for 6 hours of CPD training. On completion of this training you’ll receive CPD certificates from the College and the CPD Standards Office.

* Arrange dates * Dating training * Daily coaching 30 mins * Confidence training * Needs analysed * Matchmaking * Your own personal coach to support you daily * 10 weeks service * Support on all dates * Dating relationships assessed * Problem areas resolved https://relationshipsmdd.com/product/i-want-to-attract-my-dream-woman-packagev-i-p/ [https://relationshipsmdd.com/product/i-want-to-attract-my-dream-woman-packagev-i-p/]

ABOUT THIS TRAINING This 5-day training course enables participants to learn and understand the fundamental concepts of well test analysis. The methodology described in the course, which has become the standard of the industry, presents a systematic way of interpreting well tests in homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs, including fissured and multilayered systems.  Recommendations for designing tests in such formations, examples, and problem-solving sessions for practical experience and immediate application are included in the course. Training Objectives Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to: * Understand the well test analysis methodology * Present the straight line, log-log pressure, derivative and deconvolution analysis methods * Learn the most common reservoir behaviours and boundary effects * Carry out the gas and multiphase analysis Target Audience The course is intended for individuals who involved with the design and interpretation of well tests. The following personnel will benefit from the knowledge shared in this course: * Petroleum Production Engineers * Production and Wellsite Geologist * Geophysicist * Reservoir Engineer * Drilling Engineer Trainer Your expert course leader has taught numerous well test interpretation industry courses around the world and has been involved in many consulting projects. He is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) since 1969, and he was elected a Distinguished Member in 2002 and an Honorary Member in 2009. He has chaired or organized many SPE Advanced Technology Workshops. He is a recognized expert in well test analysis and has published over one hundred technical papers and was responsible for many advances in well test interpretation, including: the use of Greens functions; wellbore storage and skin, fractured wells, and wells with double porosity behavior; the first major commercial computer-aided interpretation software; single-well and multi-well deconvolution; and a well test interpretation methodology which has become standard in the oil industry. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

ADVANCED PYTHON TRAINING COURSE DESCRIPTION This course caters to network engineers aiming to enhance both their Python proficiency and network automation skills. Delving deeper into key areas such as netmiko, Nornir, and ncclient, we also focus on automating network testing and validation. Participants gain greater confidence working with Python functions, classes, objects, and error handling. The course additionally introduces more libraries like Scrapli, TTP, pyATS, Genie, pybatfish, and Suzieq, which cover parsing strategies, automation testing, validation, network analysis, observability, and telemetry. The curriculum also encompasses concurrency techniques. WHAT WILL YOU LEARN * Write Python modules and functions. * Evaluate techniques to parse unstructured data. * Use NETCONF filters. * Handle Python errors effectively (try, assert…). * Use postman. * Automate testing and validation of the network. * Use scrapli, Genie, batfish and Suzieq. ADVANCED PYTHON TRAINING COURSE DETAILS * Who will benefit: Network engineers. * Prerequisites: Python for network engineers * Duration 5 days ADVANCED PYTHON TRAINING COURSE CONTENTS * Review CLI, NETCONF, RESTCONF, structured versus unstructured data, gNMI and when to use which. PEP 8. Naming conventions. Packages, modules, Classes and methods. The scrapli library. Netmiko versus scrapli. Hands on: scrapli, Dictionaries versus Regular Expressions. * Modules and Functions Writing your own modules, containers versus packages, virtual environments. Best practices, calling functions, writing your own functions. Parameters, arguments. Named arguments, dictionaries as arguments. Builtins. Docstrings. Main. __name__, __main__ . Program arguments. Hands on: Getting interfaces, showing interface status using Netmiko and functions. Using dictionaries as arguments. Writing your own modules. * Parsing strategies Turning unstructured data into structured data. textfsm, PyATS Genie parser, NAPALM getters, Template Text Parser. Hands on: Genie parser, TTP. Accessing structured data with lists and dictionaries. * Classes, objects and Python Python classes in Genie, PyEZ and others . Hands on: studying network automation classes, objects, methods and attributes. * Configuration management - more nornir, ncclient, requests Nornir tasks. Nornir results, Nornir functions, Nornir plugins. Nornir processors. YANG, YANG models, pyang. NETCONF hello. Capabilities. Schemas. Filters. Subtrees. XPATH. Exploring available YANG data models. NETCONF and network wide transactions. Asserting NETCONF capabilities. Configuration types. Locking configurations, commits. NETCONF data stores. Netconf-console. RESTCONF differences from NETCONF. URI construction. Postman. More XML and JSON. Git and configuration versions. Hands on: Nornir and Jinja2. Exploring available models, NETCONF filters. Using postman. * Python error handling and debugging Context handlers, try, assert, logging, pdb, pytest, unit testing, chatgpt. Hands on: Writing code with each of the error handling methods, investigating what happens on an error. Use chatgpt to debug your code. * Python Automation Testing Testing and validation. pyATS, Genie. Testbed file. Genie parse, genie learn, genie diff. Genie conf, Genie ops, Genie SDK, Genie harness. Xpresso. Hands on: Using Genie for state comparisons of the network. * Network analysis Batfish, pybatfish, configuration analysis, analysing routing, analysing ACLs. Pandas. Pandas dataframe. Filtering and selecting values of interest. Hands on: Use Batfish to analyse network snapshots, find network adjacencies, flow path analysis. * Network observability Suzieq, using docker, using as a package. Sqpoller, suzieq-gui, suzieq-cli, sq-rest-server. Namespaces and seeing devices, network state and Asserts. Time based analysis, snapshots and changes. Hands on: Suzieq: Gathering data from the network, analysing data from the network. Network state assertion. * Telemetry gRPC, gNMI. CAP, GET, SET. Subscriptions. Model Driven telemetry. Hands on: Analysing telemetry data with Python. * Concurrency asyncio, threads, processes. Nornir concurrency. Scrapli and netmiko concurrency. Hands on: Multiple SSH connections to devices at same time. Scarpli asyncio.

HOW DANCING CAN IMPROVE YOUR MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH Move your body to your favourite tunes – it’s the ultimate feel-good exercise and has some surprising effects on both the body and mind Music and dance have been fundamental parts of the human experience for thousands of years. No matter what your favourite tune may be, music can have a huge effect on your wellbeing – Charles Darwin even thought that our ability to make and understand rhythmic beats worked as an early form of communication. Whether or not we still share messages through music, we all know that it can change our mood and studies have shown [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-016-0007] that we share a natural sense of rhythm (no matter how much you might protest). Dance is therefore a natural outlet, and one which can do a lot to make us feel good. Club Azucar offers corporate dance packages for the workplace in order for your organisation (Companies, Institutions & Schools)  not only function at its best, but to be happy and healthy in life. These are the expected benefits for the individual employee which have been also confirmed by the participants: * Physical Health: Salsa/Zumba or any Latin Dance Classes improves mobility, coordination / motor skills and fitness level.while being a low-impact exercise which includes people of all ages, abilities and fitness levels * Mental Health: Dancing requires full concentration  so for one hour away from their desk ,participants will experience reduced stress levels, , feel refreshed and more alert and able to concentrate better following the lesson * Music in combination with physical exercise has an uplifting effect through the release of endorphins and dopamine in the body & brain * Learning a new skill is proven to train your brain, contribute to prevention of dementia and  give the confidence to face new tasks and challenges in other areas of work and life * The patience and encouragement of the teachers has furthered this new confidence and sense of achievement and contributed to participants’ belief in themselves and their ability to take themselves out of their “comfort zones” and take on new challenges * Getting to know each other in a social rather than work context and learning a new skill together, dancing and laughing together, gives participants a sense of belonging and furthers team building Do you want more proof? Get involved and hire us!!! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Booking Terms & Conditions 1. The above prices are only for Greater London  2. Fees are non refundable 3. Courses are subject to availability from both parties  4. Train, plane. petrol, or any sort of transport fares are to be refunded.  5. Cancellation must be before 24 hours every class

ABOUT THIS TRAINING The Seismic Uncertainty Evaluation (SUE) course has evolved after a number of years of work experience in the sub-surface domain. A common question closely related to well planning is the quantification and qualification of depth uncertainty and robust estimation of the volumetric ranges, and this course addresses these topics. Training Objectives Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to: * Define a structured approach toward seismic depth uncertainty analysis * Construct data analytics on seismic products (well logs, velocities, and seismic) * Classify advance vertical ray tomography on FWI models to assure a drill ready depth seismic, faults, surfaces, and logs * Interpret probabilistic volumetric and automatic spill point control, amplitude conformance closures * De-risk the depth uncertainty by providing drilling and completion with a risking score card Target Audience This course is intended for individuals who needs to understand the basic theory and procedures for assessment/ quantification/qualification of all drill-ready products (seismic, faults, horizons, etc.) * Geologist * Geophysicist * Reservoir engineer * Drilling engineer Course Level * Intermediate Trainer Your expert course leader is a cross-functional Geoscientist and Published Author with 27 years of international experience working in Upstream Petroleum Exploration and Production for Oil and Gas Companies in Australia, India, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, and Oman. During his career he actively supported field development, static & dynamic reservoir modelling & well planning, 3D Seismic data acquisition with Schlumberger & SVUL, 3D seismic data processing with CGG & interpretation, Q.I. and field development with Woodside, Applied Geoscience, and Reliance. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

ABOUT THIS TRAINING COURSE This course aims to help geologists, geophysicists, stratigraphers and reservoir engineers gain a thorough understanding of the concepts and practical applications of sequence stratigraphy through integration of seismic sequence stratigraphy with well log sequence stratigraphy and the application of biostratigraphy to sequence stratigraphy. The course examines the geological principles, processes and terminology related to the interpretation and use of seismic sequence stratigraphy and its integration with well log sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy. Concepts are illustrated with field examples of seismic, well-log, core, and outcrop data and reinforced with practical exercises using real data. Course Content in Summary: 1. Introduction to concepts, eustatic controls, seismic stratigraphy and definition of key terms. 2. Controls - eustatic and basinal controls, accommodation and equilibrium types, systems tracts and systems tract boundaries. 3. Sequences and systems tracts - highstand, falling stage, lowstand, transgressive and shelf margin systems tracts. 4. Key surfaces and their identification from well logs, core, outcrop and seismic reflections. 5. Sequence expression in well logs - log characters of parasequences, maximum flooding surfaces and criteria for picking sequence boundaries. 6. Interpretation of systems tracts from well logs - integration of well log sequence stratigraphy with seismic sequence stratigraphy. 7. Seismic expression of sequences - Interpretation of seismic reflections in depositional sequences - seismic sequence; seismic facies. 8. Clastic and carbonate depositional environments - depositional responses to changes in relative sea level. Mixed systems and evaporites. 9. Variations on the model. 10. A review of application and exploration significance. Training Objectives By the end of this course, participants will be able to: * Gain an understanding of sequence stratigraphic controls and concepts. * Recognise sequence stratigraphic surfaces, systems tracts and stratigraphic sequences on well-log cross-sections, seismic lines, and outcrop profiles and depositional facies. * Construct a sequence stratigraphic model by integrating lithological, biostratigraphical, seismic and well data. * Apply sequence stratigraphy effectively for facies predictions in exploration and production. Target Audience This course will benefit explorationists, geologists, stratigraphers and geophysicists who wish to extend their knowledge through integration of seismic sequence stratigraphy with well log sequence stratigraphy. Trainer Your expert course leader is the Geosciences Technical Director for PetroEdge. She was previously, the manager of Robertson Petroleum Training Centre and a Senior Project Scientist at Robertson CGG. She has over 20 years of experience in teaching geology and leading field trips. Prior to her 8 years at Robertson, she was in academia as a lecturer for 6 years and a Research Fellow for 3 years. She has conducted fieldwork and led field trips in the US and many areas in the UK. In addition, she has led university regional geology day schools and has comprehensive experience in course and study programme writing. She has extensive experience in delivering courses and in Clastic and Carbonate Reservoir Geology, Deepwater Turbidites, Sandstone Reservoirs, Wireline Log Interpretation, Integrated Sequence Stratigraphy, Basin Analysis and Exploration & Appraisal workshops globally. In delivering the Exploration Team Management Workshop, she has project managed and taught key principles and modules on project planning, data collection/collation, geophysical assessment, stratigraphy and facies mapping, source rock facies and hydrocarbon generation, play fairway mapping, risking and prospect evaluation. Her knowledge and enthusiasm for instructing is reflected in consistently being rated as excellent by trainees, and clients specifically requesting her participation in courses. POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information post training support and fees applicable Accreditions And Affliations

ABOUT THIS TRAINING COURSE  This five-day course provides an intermediate level of understanding of the geomechanical factors that affect wellbore instability, sand production and hydraulic fracture design.  The course is structured such that upon completion, participants will have understood the value that geomechanics can bring to drilling, completion and production operations and will be able to leverage this value wherever it applies.  The course emphasis will be on integrating the topics presented through a combination of lectures, case-studies and hands-on exercises. A special focus will be on how geomechanics knowledge is extracted from routinely acquired well data and how it is applied in the prediction and prevention of formation instability. Course Highlights The course is essentially non-mathematical and makes wide use of diagrams, pictures and exercises to illustrate the essential concepts of geomechanics * Essential Rock Mechanics Principles * Wellbore Stability Analysis * Anisotropic Rock Properties for unconventional projects * Lost Circulation and Wellbore Strengthening applications * Sand Production Management * Input to Hydraulic Fracture design * Salt instability Training Objectives By attending this training, you will be able to acquire the following: * Apply the basic concepts of geomechanics to identify, predict and mitigate against formation instability during drilling, completion and production Target Audience This course is intended for Drilling Engineers, Well Engineers, Production Technologists, Completion Engineers, Well Superintendents, Directional Drillers, Wellsite Supervisors and others, who wish to further their understanding of rock mechanics and its application to drilling and completion. There is no specific formal pre-requisite for this course.  However, attendees are requested to have been exposed to drilling, completions and production operations in their positions and to have a recommended minimum of 3 years of field experience. Trainer Your Expert Course Instructor is an operational geomechanics advisor with over 46 years of experience in exploration, development and production in the upstream oil and gas industry.  After obtaining a BSc (Hons) Physics degree from Aberdeen University, he worked for a variety of oil service companies in wireline operations, management and formation evaluation, before joining Schlumberger in 1995.  Since 2000 he has worked principally in real-time geomechanics operations and developing acousto-geomechical applications, taking on the role of geomechanics advisor and technical manager within the Europe-Africa area of operations.  Before forming his own company in 2014, Your Expert Course Instructor was one of Schlumberger's principal instructors, delivering cross-discipline internal and external geomechanics training to petrophysicists, geologists, reservoir, petroleum, well construction and drilling engineers at operating company locations, training centers and operational centers worldwide.  Through extensive operational and wellsite experience gained in the North Sea, Europe, Africa, South America and the Far East, he has gained a broad based knowledge of drilling, production, log data acquisition, analysis and interpretation that has allowed him to develop and deliver pragmatic solutions to the geomechanical challenges of drilling, sand production, fracturing and unconventional reservoirs, faced by operators. His principal interests include the development and application of acousto-geomechanical techniques for the evaluation of anisotropic formations and fracture systems and the identification and prevention of wellbore instability POST TRAINING COACHING SUPPORT (OPTIONAL) To further optimise your learning experience from our courses, we also offer individualized 'One to One' coaching support for 2 hours post training. We can help improve your competence in your chosen area of interest, based on your learning needs and available hours. This is a great opportunity to improve your capability and confidence in a particular area of expertise. It will be delivered over a secure video conference call by one of our senior trainers. They will work with you to create a tailor-made coaching program that will help you achieve your goals faster. Request for further information about post training coaching support and fees applicable for this. Accreditions And Affliations